• Engineering-focused cultivation: adoption of continuous culture, chemostats, and pilot-scale apparatus to control growth, substrate, and flow-rate in anaerobic settings [2], [12], [13].

• Stress responses and survival dynamics under anaerobic expansion and nutrient limitation, including 'substrate-accelerated death', starvation survival, and thermal stress effects on viability [20], [15], [14], [6].

• Metabolic-based differentiation and identification under anaerobic conditions using arginine metabolism and physiological tests [5], [10], [11].

• Methodological approaches for growth measurement and enumeration of anaerobes, including spore-formers and viability assays [4], [7], [18].

• Energy-substrate relationships and fermentation capabilities shaping growth in defined media; exploration of α-ketoglutarate fermentation and energy supply effects [1], [17], [16].